Fifth City was the first Human Development Project developed by the Ecumenical Institute. It was located in a 16-block area on Chicago’s West Side, four miles directly west of the Loop. In 1963, the Ecumenical Institute moved to East Garfield Park, which at that time had high crime and unemployment, abandoned housing units, inadequate public services, deteriorating schools, few locally owned businesses and little access to healthy foods.
Both staff and community residents researched the overwhelming community problems and created a comprehensive plan to address them. 5th City was to be a demonstration and pilot for developing authentic human community that could be applied anywhere across the planet. It would be comprehensive, capable of addressing every aspect of the economic, political and cultural life present in the community. The decisions and actions of the local people would provide the community’s direction. The staff role was to be a catalyst, enabling the community to determine the changes it wanted and how to go about achieving them. The methods used to engage the community in making and implementing their decisions would need to be applicable in local communities everywhere.
At a time when many communities were adopting a more confrontational and adversarial approach to motivating people, 5th City charted a cooperative and collaborative course. Fifth Citizens formulated a shared and attractive vision of their desired future, identified the blocks to that vision and developed long and shortrange plans for bringing their vision into being. The Institute assigned staff members to work in the community daily, alongside 5th City’s existing and emerging leadership.
5th City first took its name from 5th Avenue, the northern boundary of the community. Later, the name came to symbolically refer to any community that made a comparable decision to assume full responsibility for its own future. The five presuppositions that guided 5th City’s development became the framework for all the Human Development Projects launched globally:
Delimited Geographical Area: Clearly delineating the physical boundaries of the community was essential to the comprehensive approach. It fostered a strong sense of community identity in which the whole community could participate, reducing the sense of chaos created by the seeming impossible task and enabled a clearer picture of the maze of problems to emerge. It curtailed the dissipation of energies and made it possible for the project to reach the last citizen.
All the Problems: Every issue facing the community needed to be acknowledged and addressed simultaneously. Piecemeal approaches spread out over a long time would fail to get at the real issues and would not create the needed morale for action. Indeed, such approaches tended to cultivate negativity. Problems reinforce one another, and in order to move one problem toward significant solution, it was necessary to move them all. This meant analyzing all the problems to understand their interrelatedness and make it clear how they mutually supported one another. From that perspective, and by targeting and focusing on the major underlying contradictions of the community, it was possible to impact all the problems of the community at once through the actions that were taken.
All the People: Every person and every age level had to be involved immediately. Just as community problems reinforce one another, so the postures of the various age groups powerfully influence each other. If the elders were neglected, they could communicate images of hopelessness and submissiveness to the young. If one group decided to do something, its members would find they needed the support of the rest of the community to be effective. To form an authentic community identity, all the people had to have the opportunity to participate in a significant way in the decision making that would shape their destiny.
The Depth Human Problem: This was the single, most critical reality that had to be dealt with. In distressed communities, it is always some form of self-depreciating and debilitating image of oneself and one’s community. Every person operates out of a deep-seated self-image. Practical actions result from that interior image and the self-talk that accompanies it. When one’s self-understanding is of being a second-rate human being, that one cannot succeed or is not worthy of success, very little can be accomplished. This recognition was at the root of everything that had to change. Unless the imagination of the citizens was recreated, nothing else would be lastingly altered. Images of authentic self-esteem had to come into being in order to release the needed motivation, courage and creativity that reformulating a community required.
Symbols are Key: Everything that happened in the community would ride on the power of symbols. Symbols include songs, celebrations, festivals, rituals, recognition of accomplishments, the graphic image of the geographical area, along with its distinguishing name, landmarks, art pieces, stories, rites, statues, flags and insignia, its leaders, heroes and respected persons. These things were foundational to inclusive social change because they were essential to reshaping the existing images of self-depreciation. In creating any community, large or small, a sense of commonness in mission must be developed. A commitment to its corporate task defines a community, and this is mediated through living symbols that are crucial to the morale and expectation in people. These symbols make the difference between ongoing social despair and fresh, creative energy. In 5th City, they permeated every principle, model, strategy and structure of the reformulation effort.
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5th City quickly become a globally recognized community development project. The symbol of the Iron Man, the ‘pillar of iron’ erected by the community to depict people standing tall in the midst of adversity, would find its way into rural villages from India and Kenya to Australia and Venezuela. Its story would inspire community initiatives across the United States and in dozens of countries where grassroots people undertook their own renewal efforts. It would be held up as an exemplar for urban renewal by Chicago mayors and become the subject of the documentaries narrated by Oprah Winfrey, Ben Kingsley and Richard Attenborough. The community, over the years, would host and provide tours for visitors from many other countries. In the late 1960s the preschool would be recognized as one of the ten top Headstart preschools in the United States for its innovative approaches to early learning and helping to instill images of self-worth in its young people.
The methods and models developed, tested and refined in 5th City became the touchstone for all the Institute’s work in building community around the world. The work in 5th City was the basis for the hundreds of Human Development Projects (HFPs) subsequently launched in communities in every time zone globally. Its participatory methods and approach to strategic thinking and planning helped give shape to the new form of group leadership known as facilitation and was the basis for the formation of the International Association of Facilitators (IAF) and the Technology of Participation (ToP) in the 1980s.
The 5th City Project was a model of what a fully functioning human community could look like. The reports and stories of what its people had accomplished catalyzed the creativity and motivation of many far beyond Chicago. 5th Citizens, wherever on the planet they might show up, would be marked not only by having success in turning around their distressed communities, but by having been themselves transformed They would be people living out of a profound yes to their own lives and the communities where they chose to pour their lives.
5th City Revisited, a play by Meida McNeal wrote in 2019, tells the story of 5th City’s community development days in the 1960s and 70s and what has happened to it in years since, raising questions about where community residents want to go next. Meida, the daughter of Judy Gritzmacher and George McNeal, was born in 5th City and attended the 5th City preschool. She now directs her own art company, Honey Pot Performance, and works for the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. Meida was interviewed by the Newberry Library regarding telling the 5th City story: “Signs of Creative Resistance: Chicago’s Fifth City Movement”. McNeal, Meida presents “Fifth City Revisited”2023 and here in 2019.
Denise Gathings, a Chicago police officer and daughter of Ruth Carter, the 40-year director of the 5th City Preschool, wrote and directed My Soul Cries Out: Stop! and here about gang violence. In May 2017 the play was held at the ICA GreenRise.
